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A cascade feedback control approach for hypnosis
This article studies the problem of controlling the drug administration during an anesthesia process, where muscle relaxation, analgesia, and hypnosis are regulated by means of monitored administration of specific drugs. On the basis of a seventh-order nonlinear pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic representation of the hypnosis process dynamics, a cascade (master/slave) feedback control structure for controlling the bispectral index (BIS) is proposed. The master controller compares the measured BIS with its reference value to provide the expired isoflurane concentration reference to the slave controller. In turn, the slave controller manipulates the anesthetic isoflurane concentration entering the anesthetic system to achieve the reference from the master controller. The advantage of the proposed cascade control structure with respect to its noncascade counterpart is that the former provides operation protection against BIS measurement failures. In fact, under a BIS measurement fault, the master control feedback is broken and the slave controller operates under a safe reference value. Extensive numerical simulations are used to illustrate the functioning of the proposed cascade control structure.
Programa de Investigacion en Matematicas Aplicadas y Computacion, Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Lazaro Cardenas 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan, CP 07730 Mexico. hpuebla@imp.mx
For years I have studied experts in a wide range of endeavors, included sports, science, and the arts, as well as professional trainers. There are three attributes that each of them share. They have developed an exceptional ability to install new information, to increase the depth of their knowledge, and have the ability to trigger superior performance with ease. These three steps apply both to the trainer’s skills as well as to how to accelerate the student’s progress.
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Self-esteem, which is synonymous with self worth, is thought by many to refer to a combination of beliefs and values. The way I look at it, essentially self worth is directly affected by one's ability to cope and overcome the challenges in life. If you feel like you have sufficient resources in terms of finances and/or talents and abilities, you may feel like there's not anything that you can't handle. However, if those challenges are deemed to exceed your abilities, then quickly or increasingly over time you will find that your feelings of self-worth may diminish. Over time this may have a...
